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A working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research〔''Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine''. (Eprint ) via Answers.com.〕 in the hope that a tenable theory will be produced, even if the hypothesis ultimately fails.〔See in "hypothesis", ''Century Dictionary Supplement'', v. 1, 1909, New York: The Century Company. Reprinted, (v. 11, p. 616 ) (via ''Internet Archive''] of the ''Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia'', 1911. 〕 Like all hypotheses, a working hypothesis is constructed as a statement of expectations, which can be linked to the exploratory research 〔Shields, Patricia and Rangarjan, N. 2013. A Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks and Project Management. (). Stillwater, OK: New Forums Press. See Chapter 5〕 purpose in empirical investigation and is often used as a conceptual framework in qualitative research.〔 〕〔 〕 ==History== Use of the phrase "working hypothesis" goes back at least two centuries.〔1805, for example. See (p. 118 ) in ''The Monthly Review; or Literary Journal'' vol. XLVII, May–August 1805, London: Printed by Straban and Preston (see (its title page ) for year printed as "M,DCCC,V").〕 Charles Sanders Peirce came to hold that an explanatory hypothesis is not only justifiable as a tentative conclusion by its plausibility (by which he meant its naturalness and economy of explanation),〔Peirce, C. S. (1908), "A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God", ''Hibbert Journal'' v. 7, pp. 90–112. See both part III and part IV. Reprinted, including originally unpublished portion, in ''Collected Papers'' v. 6, paragraphs 452–85, ''The Essential Peirce'' v. 2, pp. 434–50, and elsewhere.〕 but also justifiable as a starting point by the broader promise that the hypothesis holds for research. This idea of justifying a hypothesis as potentially fruitful (at the level of research method), not merely as plausible (at the level of logical conclusions), is essential for the idea of a working hypothesis, as later elaborated by Peirce's fellow pragmatist John Dewey. Peirce held that, as a matter of research method, an explanatory hypothesis is judged and selected〔Peirce, C. S., Carnegie Application (L75, 1902, ''New Elements of Mathematics'' v. 4, pp. 37–38. See under "(Abduction )" at the ''Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms'': 〕 for research because it offers to economize and expedite the process of inquiry,〔Peirce, C. S. (1902), application to the Carnegie Institution, see MS L75.329-330, from (Draft D ) of Memoir 27:〕 by being testable and by further factors in the economy of hypotheses: low cost, intrinsic value (instinctive naturalness and reasoned likelihood), and relations (caution, breadth, and incomplexity) among hypotheses, inquiries, etc. (as in the game of Twenty Questions).〔Peirce, C. S. (1901 MS), "On The Logic of Drawing History from Ancient Documents, Especially from Testimonies", manuscript corresponding to an abstract delivered at the National Academy of Sciences meeting of November 1901. Published in 1958 in ''Collected Papers'' v. 7, paragraphs 162–231; see 220. Reprinted (first half) in 1998 in ''The Essential Peirce'' v. 2, pp. 75–114; see 107–110.〕 The ''Century Dictionary Supplement'' definition of "working hypothesis"〔 reflects that perspective; Peirce may or may not have written it.〔See "(Peirce Edition Project (UQÀM) - in short )" from the Peirce Edition Project's branch at Université du Québec à Montréal (UQÀM), which is working on ''Writings'' v. 7: Peirce's work on the ''Century Dictionary''. Peirce worked on the ''Century'' during the years between 1883 and 1909. Find "hypothesis" in PEP-UQÀM's list of words in Peirce's charge (under "H" ). "Pragmatism" was also in Peirce's charge (see (under "P" ), but Joseph M. Ransdell reported that PEP-UQÀM's director François Latraverse informed him that John Dewey actually wrote it (see (Ransdell's 2006 January 13 post ) to peirce-l).〕 Peirce seldom used the phrase "working hypothesis," but he once commented about a related kind of a hypothesis that it was "a hypothesis, which like the working hypothesis of a scientific inquiry, we may not believe to be altogether true, but which is useful in enabling us to conceive of what takes place."〔Peirce, C. S. ''Collected Papers'' v. 7, paragraph 534, from an undated manuscript.〕 For Peirce the pragmatist, conceiving pragmatically of something meant conceiving of its effects in their conceivable implications as to informed practice in general including research.〔Peirce, C. S. (1878), "How to Make Our Ideas Clear", ''Popular Science Monthly'', v. 12, (286 )–302. Reprinted widely, including ''The Essential Peirce'' v. 1, pp. 109–123.〕 John Dewey used the concept of the working hypothesis as a pivotal feature in his theory of inquiry.〔Shields, Patricia and Rangarjan, N. 2013. A Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks and Project Management. (). Stillwater, OK: New Forums Press.〕 Contrary to the principles of verification and falsifiability, used in formal hypothesis testing found within dominant paradigms of 'normal' science,〔 〕 working hypotheses were conceived by Dewey as neither true nor false but "provisional, working means of advancing investigation," which lead to the discovery of other unforeseen but "relevant" facts.〔 Dewey's development of the concept of the working hypothesis emerged from his contextualist epistemology in which absolute truth is unobtainable and replaced by "warranted assertability".〔 〕 Thus, Dewey noted:〔 〕 The history of science also shows that when hypotheses have been taken to be finally ''true'' and hence unquestionable, they have obstructed inquiry and kept science committed to doctrines that later turned out to be invalid. In Dewey's view, the working hypothesis is generated, not directly as a testable statement of expectation, but instead in order to "direct inquiry into channels in which new material, factual and conceptual, is disclosed, material which is more relevant, more weighted and confirmed, more fruitful, than were the initial facts and conceptions which served as the point of departure".〔 Abraham Kaplan later described the working hypothesis as "provisional or loosely formatted" theory or constructs.〔 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「working hypothesis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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